You may have already wondered if your dog has the same blood type as you… Well, the answer might surprise you! In humans, we know the blood groups A, B, AB and O, but these same categories do not apply at all to our 4-legged companions. Dogs in fact have their own blood group system, with very specific characteristics.
What are the blood types in dogs?
Like humans, dogs have different blood types. These are determined by the presence or absence of small molecules, called antigens, on the surface of red blood cells. In veterinary hematology, the most widely used classification system is the DEA system (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen). To date, more than 12 canine erythrocyte antigens have been identified, including DEA groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. There is also a rarer antigen, called DAL, notably found in Dalmatians.
Among this diversity, the AED 1 occupies a particular place when a transfusion is necessary. We distinguish DEA 1 positive dogs (DEA 1+), which carry this antigen, from DEA 1 negative dogs (DEA 1-), which do not have it. About 60-75% of dogs are DEA 1+, while the rest are DEA 1-. This distinction is essential because DEA 1 is one of the most immunogenic antigens, meaning it can cause an immune system reaction when incompatible blood is transfused. Thus, knowing a dog's blood type allows you to choose a suitable blood and make the transfusion safer and better suited to each animal. Fortunately, today a dog's blood type can be determined quickly, in just a few minutes at the veterinarian.
Why is blood type important for a transfusion?
A blood transfusion may be necessary in dogs in the event of significant anemia, hemorrhage, illness or during surgery. Depending on the needs, the veterinarian can transfuse red blood cells, plasma or platelets. Compatibility between the blood of the donor and that of the recipient is then essential.
Unlike humans, dogs generally do not have natural alloantibodies directed against other blood groups. A first transfusion can therefore, particularly in an emergency situation, be carried out before knowing all the blood characteristics. On the other hand, this first exposure can lead to the production of antibodies, making compatibility particularly important during subsequent transfusions.
As such, DEA 1 negative dogs (which therefore do not carry the immunogenic antigen causing reactions) are particularly valuable for blood donation and can, in certain situations, play a role comparable to that of our so-called “universal” donors. A gift that can often help save the life of another furball.