What is diabetes?
Bonn. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin or does not utilize the available insulin properly. Insulin is a vital hormone that ensures that sugar (glucose) from the blood enters the body's cells, where it serves as a source of energy. If insulin is missing or its effect is disturbed, blood sugar levels rise. The body tries to excrete excess sugar through urine – in the process it loses a lot of water. Affected dogs therefore drink and urinate frequently.
Signs and first warning signals
Diabetes usually develops gradually. Typical symptoms are:
- increased thirst (polydipsia),
- frequent urination (polyuria),
- increased appetite with simultaneous weight loss,
- lack of motivation or tiredness,
- dull fur, susceptibility to infections,
- cloudy eyes due to lens clouding (Cataract).
If these signs occur, a veterinary examination should definitely be carried out. Diabetes can only be diagnosed with certainty through blood and urine analysis. The significantly overweight dog is a risk candidate. Unneutered female dogs also have a higher risk of becoming ill than neutered male and female dogs.
diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on evidence of a permanently elevated blood sugar concentration and glucose in the urine. In addition, so-called fructosamine values can be used to assess long-term blood sugar control. Because other illnesses can cause similar symptoms (e.g. Cushing's syndrome, kidney disease), A detailed clarification by the veterinarian is essential.
Treatment and therapy goals
The aim of treatment is to improve clinical signs, stabilize blood sugar levels and avoid complications. In most cases, lifelong daily insulin therapy is required. The dose is adjusted individually and checked regularly.
Equally important are:
- regulated feeding times (preferably two meals a day at the same time),
- high-fiber, low-carbohydrate to no-carbohydrate diet,
- regular exercise without extreme stress,
- Close cooperation between pet owners and veterinarians is crucial to achieving a stable attitude.
Living with a diabetic dog
With a little routine, dealing with diabetes will soon become part of everyday life. Many dogs – when well controlled – lead normal, active lives. The family or carers should also be informed about the illness and instructed in the procedures.
The following are helpful:
- Keeping a diabetes diary (food, insulin administration, behavior),
- regular veterinary checks,
- Observation of changes in drinking or eating behavior.
In addition to classic blood sugar measurements using portable glucometers, modern methods are also available today, including continuous glucose monitoring systems, mobile devices and digital applications that enable close monitoring and graphical evaluation. These technologies make monitoring progress easier.
When is it an emergency?
Blood sugar levels that are too low (hypoglycemia) can be life-threatening. Signs include weakness, tremors, restlessness, disorientation or convulsions. If the dog is responsive, you can give him some food or a small amount of glucose. If you lose consciousness, see a vet immediately.
forecast
With consistent treatment and regular monitoring, the prognosis is good in most cases. Many dogs live stable lives for years without significant restrictions. What is important is a structured daily routine with clear feeding and injection times as well as trusting cooperation between owner and veterinarian.
Federal Association for Animal Health (BfT)